Amino Acid Definition and Examples

Amino acids are important in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. They are considered to be the building blocks of polypeptides and proteins. Learn about their chemical composition, functions, abbreviations, and properties. Amino Acids An amino acid is an organic compound characterized by having a carboxyl group, amino group, and side-chain attached to a central carbon atom.Amino acids are used as precursors for other molecules in the body. Linking amino acids together forms polypeptides, which may become proteins.Amino acids are made from genetic code in the ribosomes of eukaryotic cells. The genetic code is a code for proteins made within cells. DNA is translated into RNA. Three bases (combinations of adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine) code for an amino acid. There is more than one code for most amino acids.Some amino acids may not be made by an organism. These essential amino acids must be present in the organisms diet.In addition, other metabolic processes convert molecules into amino acids. Amino Acid Definition An amino acid is a type of organic acid that contains a carboxyl  functional group (-COOH) and an amine functional group (-NH2) as well as a side chain (designated as R) that is specific to the individual amino acid. The elements found in all amino acids are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, but their side chains may contain other elements as well. Shorthand notation for amino acids may be either a three-letter abbreviation or a single letter. For example, valine may be indicated by V or val; histidine is H or his. Amino acids may function on their own, but more commonly act as monomers to form larger molecules. Linking a few amino acids together forms peptides, and a chain of many amino acids is called a polypeptide. Polypeptides may be modified and combine to become proteins. Creation of Proteins The process of producing proteins based on an RNA template is called translation. It occurs in the ribosomes of cells. There are 22 amino acids involved in protein production. These amino acids are considered to be proteinogenic. In addition to the proteinogenic amino acids, there are some amino acids that are not found in any protein. An example is the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. Typically, nonproteinogenic amino acids function in amino acid metabolism. The translation of genetic code involves 20 amino acids, which are called canonical amino acids or standard amino acids. For each amino acid, a series of three mRNA residues acts as a codon during translation (the genetic code). The other two amino acids found in proteins are pyrrolysine and selenocysteine. These are specially coded, usually by an mRNA codon that otherwise functions as a stop codon. Common Misspellings: ammino acid Examples of Amino Acids: lysine, glycine, tryptophan Functions of Amino Acids Because amino acids are used to build proteins, most of the human body consists of them. Their abundance is second only to water. Amino acids are used to build a variety of molecules and are used in neurotransmitter and lipid transport. Amino Acid Chirality Amino acids are capable of chirality, where the functional groups may be on either side of a C-C bond. In the natural world, most amino acids are the L-isomers. There are a few instances of D-isomers. An example is the polypeptide gramicidin, which consists of a mixture of D- and L-isomers. One and Three Letter Abbreviations The amino acids most commonly memorized and encountered in biochemistry are: Glycine, Gly, GValine, Val, VLeucine, Leu, LIsoeucine, Leu, LProline, Pro, PThreonine, Thr, TCysteine, Cys, C  Methionine, Met, MPhenylalanine, Phe, FTyrosine, Tyr, Y  Tryptophan, Trp, W  Arginine, Arg, RAspartate, Asp, DGlutamate, Glu, EAparagine, Asn, NGlutamine, Gln, QAparagine, Asn, N Properties of the Amino Acids The characteristics of the amino acids depend on the composition of their R side chain. Using the single-letter abbreviations: Polar or Hydrophilic: N, Q, S, T, K, R, H, D, ENon-Polar or Hydrophobic: A, V, L, I, P, Y, F, M, CContain Sulfur: C, MHydrogen Bonding: C, W, N, Q, S, T, Y, K, R, H, D, EIonizable: D, E, H, C, Y, K, RCyclic: PAromatic: F, W, Y (H also, but doesnt display much UV absorption)Aliphatic: G, A, V, L, I, PForms a Disulfide Bond: CAcidic (Positively Charged at Neutral pH): D, EBasic (Negatively Charged at Neutral pH): K, R

Why Do We Read Literature - 938 Words

Literature has become an unalienable part of human life for centuries. However, it is worth asking, â€Å"Why do we read literature?† What powers does it have that we prioritize literature in our lives and culture? There can be innumerable answers to this question. I recall a famous dialogue from the movie Dead Poets Society (1989), â€Å"Medicine, law, business, engineering: these are noble pursuits and necessary to sustain life. Poetry, beauty, romance, love- these are what we stay alive for.† Literature is a great source of knowledge through vicarious experience, a powerful tool of expression, and a pleasant form of entertainment. In life, we learn only a few things through our own experience. Where does the rest of our knowledge come from? How do we know what went inside the concentration camps in Nazi’s Germany, how the world war wars looked like, and how it feels to not have ever known our own parents? Have we experienced all of those? Hopefully not. Then how do we know? A more than likely answer is going to be because we have read such things in different forms of literature such as poems, stories, and novels. In other words, we gain knowledge through vicarious experiences that literature provides us. For instance, I did not have to flee my country when I was a kid, nor was I victimized by a gay rape. But, after reading Khaled Hosseini’s â€Å"The Kite Runner†, I have an idea of what I would have gone through, had that happened to me. Similarly, although I wasn’t born as a slaveShow MoreRelatedEssay about Critique on I Know Why the Caged Bird Cannot Read946 Words   |  4 Page sIn Francine Prose’s â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Cannot Read: How American High School Students Learn to Loathe Literature†, the author is trying to explain why high school students are not asked to read more quality pieces of literature now a days. In my opinion I agree with Prose because I think the texts we read in high school are not challenging and not a lot of students enjoy the readings because they cannot relate. Prose uses the rhetorical strategy of degrading the books high school studentsRead MoreWhy We Read Literature918 Words   |  4 PagesWhy we read literature The word literature means ‘acquaintance with letters.’ With literature we can put anything and everything into words and play it like a video for someone else to see. It is a profession where words are arranged in such a way that they describe, feelings, emotions, experiences etc. it describes society and the people living in it, what they think of it and what they want it to be. There are many reasons to why we read literature. 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Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Review Answers Free Essays

What is the equation for photosynthesis? CA + OH ; C6H1206 + 602 6. What are suspended in the fluid strata Of chloroplasts? Stacks of ayatollahs called grand 7. _ Photosynthesis/Diocletian Pathway_ is a series of linked chemical reactions from which energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds. We will write a custom essay sample on Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Review Answers or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8. What is the purpose of chlorophyll? Absorb light energy Why is it green? Green Color reflected 9. What can happen to light when it strikes an object? Reflected, Absorbed, and Transmitted 10. What happens when chlorophyll absorbs light? Electrons are raised to a higher energy level 11. Where do the electron from a chlorophyll molecule go when they move to a higher energy level? Electron transport chain 12. Electrons found in photosynthesis are eventually replaced by electrons from _photosynthesis II . 13. Where does the oxygen come from that is produced in photosynthesis? Water 14. What is the major gas byproduct of photosynthesis? Oxygen 15. Photosynthesis occurs in the ethylated membrane and converts light energy into chemical energy. 16. What process provides the energy to produce TAP molecules? Photosynthesis 17. Ethylated membrane is where electrons return to their original energy levels. 8. Calvin_ Cycle creates the carbohydrates needed for energy and growth in photosynthesis. What other organic molecules are produced? Proteins and Lipids 19. Name the two prod cuts of the light reaction in photosynthesis that provide energy for the Calvin Cycle. TAP and NADIA 20. What does the Calvin Cycle require? TAP and NADIA Can it occur in light and dark conditions? Yes What does the Calvin Cycle generate? Glucose 21 . Where does the TAP for the Calvin Cycle come from for the production of carbohydrate molecules? Light Reactions of photosynthesis 22. Where do all the carbon atoms in organic lessees ultimately come from? Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere 23. Why is TAP important? Essential for all tasks necessary for cell’s life 24. What gas is produced in photosynthesis necessary for cellular respiration? Oxygen 25. What is the equation for cellular respiration? C6H1206 + 602 CHIC + OH + energy (TAP) 26. What process breaks down food molecules to release stored energy? Cellular Respiration 27. What occurs during glycoside? Molecule of glucose is split, two molecules of Pyrrhic Acid are made, and 2 Tap’s are produced. Is glycoside an aerobic or anaerobic reaction? Anaerobic 28. What is the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down anaerobic (without oxygen)? Fermentation 29. What is produced in muscles when you exercise vigorously in the absence of necessary oxygen? Lactic Acid 30. Name the three stages of cellular respiration. Glycoside, Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain What are the two main stages for cellular respiration? Glycoside and Aerobic Respiration Which stage prod cues the most energy? Electron Transport Chain 31 NADIA, CA, and FADDY are formed during the Krebs Cycle. 32. What two aerobic stages in cellular respiration reduce most of the TAP needed for life, break down glucose into Carbon Dioxide, water, and TAP? Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain 33. What are the end products of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration? Water and Tap’s 34. Electrons combine with oxygen and protons to form water at the end of the electron transport chain . 35. When living cells break down molecules, what is the form of energy stored and energy released Stored as TAP and heat is released 36. What two molecules donate the electrons for the electron transport chain? FADDY and NADIA and H2O How to cite Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Review Answers, Papers

Spotless Strategy to Extend its Contract-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Spotless strategy to extend its contract with Emirates. Answer: First: Meet Emirates budget Spotless is considered as a leading company in the marketplace, it provides integrated facilities services in Australia and New Zealand. It utilizes its inner resources of 36 thousand team members across the company sectors. The company strategy considers customer centricity, growth, innovation, brand loyalty and operational excellence. Spotless is unmatched in its ability to provide integrated services to everyday business requirements, according to Spotless Group (2017a), as follows: Providing services for sustainable buildings, including Technical, engineering and construction services Managing and maintaining assets Hospitality and catering, as it feeds about 186 thousand people per day Cleaning services Facilities management Laundry management Security and electric solutions Sustainability services and asset optimization. Second: Maximise use of products Spotless aims to reduce its utilities and assets costs and performance improvement to reduce the cost and maximize the production efficiencies. It provides managed solutions from its savings rather than investing the clients' capital to reduce its operating costs. According to Spotless Group (2017a), the solutions are as follows: Using alternative energy sources: As using solar power to substitute electricity and maximizing the gas supply through technology that self-generate electricity, cold and hot water. Optimize asset maintenance: Through reducing the maintenance costs by 40% accompanied by lower risk. Smart monitoring systems: By using advanced information systems as the Internet of things, enterprise energy management systems and energy management systems. The company could meet all financial covenants under existing debt facilities during 2017. Also the company forecasts a positive free cash flow in fiscal year (Spotless Group, 2017b). Third: Providing good services The company invests in staff training and development to ensure high performance and maintain a developed workforce. It considers the HR investments as an investment in its future. Also, it attracts, retains and develops the highest quality staff, ensures the safety of customer service. The training program is called "Australian Apprenticeships", it offers the required qualifications of hospitality, cleaning, laundry operations, health, maintenance, logistics and business and finance. Moreover, the company offers training delivery methods, as online learning, house face-to-face, on the job training and external courses (Spotless Group, 2017c). The provided training enables Spotless to compete in the international market. Fourth: Increase client Satisfaction Customer satisfaction is considered a factor that generates trust and confidence in the offered products and services. The relationship between the customer and the company may increase the commitment and the level of satisfaction (Bricci, Fragata, Antunes, 2016). Spotless seeks to foster the client-centric culture. It considers the customer at the center of its strategy, customer needs are the main driver of the company creativity and innovation (Spotless Group, 2017a). The company seeks to deliver the best value for its clients. Fifth: Service quality The service quality is highly important, especially in the facilities management. It refers to the supplier's ability to deliver a good quality service. It also involves the observation of the service delivery contracts, complaints handling and pricing. It is important to attract the customer through the prompt response to their requests, suggestions and inquiries (Nimer Puad, 2012). Spotless is highly committed to the service quality to fulfill the clients' expectations with its well trained staff. Sixth: Understand competitors The competitors in the Emirates market for the integrated facilities services, single Services and bundled Services involves a combination of all services. The large number of industries prefers to deal with one company to handle the entire facilities management services. Enova Company dominates the UAE facilities management market in 2016. Also, both of Deyaar and Farnek have significantly contributed to the overall market revenues in 2016 (ken Research, 2017). References Bricci, L., Fragata, A., Antunes, J. (2016). The effects of trust, commitment and satisfaction on customer loyalty in the distribution sector. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 4(2), 173-177. ken Research. (2017, Nov. 28). Facilities Management Market Outlook to 2021. Retrieved from ken Research: https://www.kenresearch.com Nimer, A., Puad, A. (2012). Service quality management in hotel industry: A conceptual framework for food and beverage departments. International Journal of Business and Manegement, 7(14), 135-141. Spotless Group. (2017a, Nov. 28). Integrated Services. Retrieved from Spotless: https://www.spotless.com/services Spotless Group. (2017b, Nov. 28). Annual Report 2016/2017. Retrieved from Spotless: https://www.spotless.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Annual-Report-2017-171024-WEB.pdf Spotless Group. (2017c, Nov. 28). Training and Development. Retrieved from Spotless: https://www.spotless.com/careers/training-and-developmen